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Emergency and Abnormal Situations (EAS) Symposium
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As
part
of
the
Emergency,
Abnormal,
and
Off-nominal
Situations
(EAS)
Study
at
NASA,
we
are
studying
the
aviation
industry's
current
concerns,
problems,
and
needs
relevant
to
the
safe
and
efficient
resolution
of
emergency
and
abnormal
situations
aboard
commercial
aircraft.
We
are
aware
that
many
others
in
the
field
are
concerned
about
these
same
issues
and
are
working
on
ways
to
improve
procedures,
checklist
design,
and
training
for
emergency
and
abnormal
situations.
The
purpose
of
this
symposium
was
to
facilitate
communication
and
the
sharing
of
knowledge
across
the
industry
regarding
these
and
related
issues,
as
well
as
to
identify
existing
gaps
and
directions
for
future
work.
•
The
Challenge
of
Emergency
and
Abnormal
Situations
in
Aviation
•
Emergency
and
Abnormal
Checklists
and
Procedures
-
Development,
Design,
and
Certification
•
The
Human
Response
to
Emergency
and
Abnormal
Situations
-
Flight
Crew,
Cabin
Crew,
ATC, Dispatch,
and
Maintenance
Personnel
•
Current
Philosophies,
Policies,
and
Practices
in
Training
for
Emergency
and
Abnormal
Situations
•
How
Security
Issues
Affect
Emergency
and
Abnormal
Situations
*
Please
click
the
links
below
to
download
the
presentations
in
PDF
format
(get Adobe
Acrobat
Reader)
*
| Welcome
Presentation (PDF
-
685K)
- Barbara
Burian,
Symposium
Chair
-
SJSUF
/
NASA
Ames
Research
Center |
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Discussion
Notes (PDF
-
11K)/ Participant
Comments
and
Questions (PDF
-
12K) |
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>
The
Scope
of
the
Problem (PDF
-
11K)
- Immanuel
Barshi -
NASA
Ames
Research
Center
Abstract:
Emergency
and
abnormal
situations
represent
a
unique
challenge
in
aviation
operations.
They
are
often
time
critical
and
can
be
complex
and/or
ambiguous.
They
cause
an
increase
in
stress
and
workload
and
require
exceptionally
high
levels
of
coordination
inside
and
outside
of
the
airplane.
The
procedures
and
checklists
crews
are
to
use
to
respond
to
these
situations
can
be
confusing
or
are
problematic
in
other
ways.
In
this
presentation,
some
of
the
topics
that
would
be
covered
in-depth
by
the
speakers
at
the
Symposium
were
covered,
and
the
stage
was
set
for
what
was
to
come
over
the
next
two
days. |
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>
The
Issues
In-Depth:
Analysis
of
an
Accident (PDF
-
2.9MB)
- Ben
Berman –
SJSUF
/
NASA
Ames
Research
Center
Abstract:
In
this
session,
the
significant
events
of
a
major
airline
accident
were
analyzed
in
the
context
of
workload,
stress,
procedural
design,
crew
resource
management,
crew
training,
and
human
cognitive
capabilities
and
vulnerabilities.
This
discussion
raised
many
of
the
issues
that
would
be
the
focus
of
the
rest
of
the
conference. |
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| - Discussion
Notes (PDF
-
7K)/ Participant
Comments
and
Questions (PDF
-
20K) |
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|
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>
Improving
the
Boeing
Quick
Reference
Handbook (PDF
-
485K)
- Barbara
Holder-
Boeing
Co.,
Commercial
Airplanes
Group
Abstract:
Over
the
past
year
Boeing
has
been
engaged
in
an
effort
to
standardize
normal
and
non-normal
procedures
across
airplane
models.
Part
of
this
effort
involves
improving
the
design
of
the
Boeing
Quick
Reference
Handbook
(QRH)
and
its
contents.
Because
Boeing
airplanes
are
flown
world-wide,
the
QRH
must
support
safe
operations
anywhere,
across
a
wide
range
of
institutional
and
cultural
settings,
and
be
usable
by
flight
crews
with
varying
experience,
knowledge,
and
English
language
capability.
Our
effort
to
improve
the
QRH
joins
knowledge
of
human
performance,
technical
flight
operations,
and
operational
contexts.
In
this
session,
Boeings'
human-centered
approach
was
discussed,
along
with
the
considerations
and
issues
we
face
as
a
manufacturer
when
designing
checklists,
procedures,
and
a
quick
reference
handbook. |
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>
Emergency
Checklists
from
the
User’s
Perspective (PDF
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28.9MB)
- Captain
Bill
Jones -
Central
Air
Safety
Committee
Chairman,
ALPA
Abtract:
Too
often
emergency
and
abnormal
checklists
do
not
stand
up
to
the
realities
of
the
operational
environment.
Taking
the
perspective
of
the
user,
this
presentation
highlighted
issues
that
managers,
regulators
and
designers
should
consider
when
developing
checklists
for
use
in
emergency
situations. |
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>
Flight
Crew
Procedure
Development
and
Modification (PDF
-
9.2MB)
-
Bill
McKenzie
-
Boeing
Co.,
Commercial
Airplanes
Group
Abstract:
This
presentation
described
the
process
by
which
an
airplane
manufacturer
develops,
validates,
and
supports
the
crew
procedures
and
checklists
provided
to
their
airline
customers.
It
included
the
operational
design
philosophy,
key
participants,
and
the
role
of
regulatory
agencies. |
|
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| - Discussion
Notes (PDF
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15K)/ Participant
Comments
and
Questions (PDF
-
9K) |
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>
LOSA
Data
and
Emergency
and
Abnormal
Situations (PDF
-
2.5MB)- Captain
Don
Gunther -
Continental
Airlines
and
Chair
of
ATA
Human
Factors
Committee
Abstract:
This
presentation
showed
how
the
2000
Line
Operations
Safety
Audit
(LOSA)
data
along
with
data
from
the
Flight
Operations
Quality
Assurance
(FOQA)
program,
the
Aviation
Safety
Action
Program
(ASAP),
the
Advance
Qualification
Program
(AQP)
and
the
Continental
Airlines
Safety
Information
System
(CASIS)
was
used
to
evaluate
crew
performance
during
Emergency
and
Abnormal
Operations.
All
of
these
programs
come
under
the
Continental
Safety
Change
&
Training
Development
Program
which
is
aimed
at
achieving
“a
greater
level
of
safety.” |
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>
Responding
to
Emergencies
and
Abnormal
Events (PDF
-
311K)- Captain
Neil
Johnston (Ret.)
-
Aerospace
Psychology
Research
Group,
Trinity
College,
Dublin,
Ireland
Abstract:
This
presentation
considered
responses
to
emergency
and
abnormal
events
from
the
pilot's
perspective.
Some
examples
of
changes
to
checklist
design
and
allied
pilot
practices
over
recent
decades
were
considered
from
the
pilot's
point
of
view.
This
provided
a
point
of
departure
for
discussing
the
inter-connectedness
of
non-normal
events,
previous
training,
checklist
use
and
cockpit
management.
The
presentation
concluded
with
a
practitioner
perspective
on
principles
relevant
to
the
design
of
checklists
and
associated
pilot
training. |
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>
How
Continental
is
Trying
to
Deal
with
Emergency/Abnormal
Situations
with
New
Security
Guidelines (PDF
-
1.5MB)- Captain
Don
Gunther -
Continental
Airlines
and
Chair
of
ATA
Human
Factors
Committee
Abstract:
It
is
well
known
that
recent
events
have
forced
the
airline
industry
to
review,
and
in
many
cases
adapt
their
security
procedures.
While
working
within
these
guidelines
the
air
carriers
must
also
maintain
a
continued
focus
on
safety
and
training.
In
addition,
the
ability
to
respond
to
an
emergency
or
abnormal
situation
will
inevitably
be
affected
in
some
way
by
these
stricter
guidelines.
This
presentation
detailed
the
experiences
thus
far
of
one
airline
as
it
relates
to
these
new
challenges.
The
presenter
used
the
Threat
&
Error
Management
(TEM)
process
as
a
tool
to
discuss
the
issues
that
have
been
overcome
while
outlining
those
that
still
lie
ahead. |
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| - Discussion
Notes (PDF
-
23K)/ Participant
Comments
and
Questions (PDF
-
13K) |
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>
European
Air
Traffic
Management
Programme
-
Controller
Training
in
the
Handling
of
Unusual
Incidents (PDF
-
545K)
- Pat
O’Doherty -
Eurocontrol
ATC
Abstract:
A
European
approach
to
the
creation
of
a
generic
package
of
Training
in
the
handling
of
Airborne
emergencies.
16
of
the
most
common
types
of
emergencies
have
been
identified
and
a
short
self
tuition
programme
useable
by
individual
controllers,
with
or
without
supervision,
has
been
created.
Each
scenario
consists
of
up
to
six
interactive
pages
of
material
which
also
includes
a
self
administered
test.
The
package
is
an
ideal
aide-memoire
and
enables
a
controller
to
keep
in
regular
touch
with
necessary
emergency
procedures.
The
package
consists
of
a
set
of
guidelines
and
an
easily
useable
checklist
together
with
an
associated
Poster
presentation.
All
of
the
package
is
available
in
hard
copy,
on
a
CD-ROM
or
by
direct
access
to
the
internet. |
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>
The
Cabin
Crew
in
Emergency
and
Abnormal
Situations (PDF
-
2.3MB)
- Nora
Marshall -
NTSB
Abstract:
The
presentation
addressed
flight
attendant
performance
during
abnormal
or
emergency
situations.
Case
studies
of
NTSB
accident
and
incident
investigations
were
used
to
highlight
effective
and
ineffective
flight
attendant
(F/A)
procedures
and
training.
The
presentation
also
discussed
successful
and
unsuccessful
communication
between
the
flight
deck,
cabin
crew,
and
passengers
during
emergency
or
abnormal
situations.
The
presentation
reviewed
NTSB
recommendations
related
to:
cockpit/cabin
communication
and/or
coordination,
interphones,
PA
systems,
joint
cockpit/cabin
training,
and
evacuation
alarm
systems. |
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>
The
Role
of
Maintenance
Personnel
in
Emergency
and
Abnormal
Situations (PDF
-
93K)
- Mark
Buechin -
United
Airlines,
System
Aircraft
Maintenance
Control
(SAMC)
Quality
Control
Coordinator
Abstract:
The
role
of
maintenance
personnel
in
emergency
and
abnormal
situations
presentation
covered
who
in
maintenance
is
involved
in
these
situations,
what
their
background
and
training
is
and
how
they
become
involved.
Also
discussed
was
their
specific
role
related
to
in-flight
situations,
what
tools
are
available
to
assist
them
and
who
they
may
liaison
with.
The
presentation
concluded
with
lessons
learned
and
challenges
for
the
future. |
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>
The
Dispatcher
-
Information
Central (PDF
-
16.2MB)
- Jim
Jansen -
Executive
Vice
President,
Airline
Dispatchers
Federation
Abstract:
In
commercial
airline
operations
there
are
three
groups
of
licensed
individuals
in
the
United
States
that
bear
responsibility
for
the
safety
of
flight:
the
pilot,
the
air
traffic
controller,
and
the
aircraft
dispatcher.
When
abnormal
or
emergency
situations
occur,
the
pilot
flying
at
37,000
feet
has
limited
resources
available
to
him
or
her.
The
best
resource
is
the
individual
who
shares
responsibility
for
the
safety
and
operational
control
of
the
flight:
the
dispatcher.
He
or
she
is
the
only
individual
who
has
the
capability
to
provide
the
pilot
with
information
regarding,
weather,
fuel
requirements,
performance
capabilities,
aircraft
restrictions,
airports,
security
issues,
passenger
service
requirements,
ATC
problems
and
phone
patches
to
maintenance
or
medical
experts.
It
is
similar
to
the
"one-stop
shopping"
source
of
information
for
the
pilot.
This
presentation
covered
a
number
of
these
issues
related
to
dispatchers
working
with
an
aircraft
in
distress. |
|
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| - Discussion
Notes (PDF
-
28K)/ Participant
Comments
and
Questions (PDF
-
14K) |
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>
The
Current
State
of
Flight
Crew
Training
for
Emergencies (PDF
-
140K)
- Chris
Reed and Ben
Berman -
SJSUF
/
NASA
Ames
Research
Center
Abstract:
The
NASA
Emergency
and
Abnormal
Situations
project
is
working
with
a
number
of
U.S.
passenger
and
cargo
air
carriers
to
identify
the
current
state
of
the
art
and
critical
issues
in
flight
crew
training
for
emergency
and
abnormal
situations.
We
are
conducting
extensive
interviews
with
training
managers,
instructors,
and
line
pilots,
and
are
observing
simulation
training
and
evaluation
sessions.
We
are
also
looking
at
training
conducted
under
AQP
as
well
as
the
Part
121
training
regulations.
The
data
obtained
from
these
sources
has
been
de-identified
(removing
both
individuals'
and
air
carriers'
names),
and
we
are
compiling
aggregate
data
for
analysis.
This
was
a
report
and
review
of
our
findings
from
the
first
several
air
carriers
visited. |
|
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| - Participant
Comments
and
Questions (PDF
-
17K) |
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|
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>
The
Emergency
and
Abnormal
Situations
Project (PDF
-
1.8MB)
- Barbara
Burian -
SJSUF
/
NASA
Ames
Research
Center
Abstract:
For
the
past
two
years
I,
my
colleagues
at
the
NASA
Ames
Research
Center,
and
collaborators
from
the
aviation
community
have
been
working
on
a
number
of
projects
and
studies
as
a
part
of
The
Emergency
and
Abnormal
Situations
(EAS)
Project.
The
purpose
of
the
EAS
Project
is
to
bring
together
an
understanding
of
the
nature
of
emergency
situations
in
aviation,
of
human
learning
and
performance
in
high
workload
situations,
and
of
the
operational
environment
to
inform
the
design,
evaluation,
implementation
and
training
of
abnormal
and
emergency
procedures.
We
are
currently
or
plan
to
exam
ine
a
variety
of
issues
and
factors
that
affect
the
ways
in
which
flight
crews
respond
to
emergency
and
abnormal
situations
on
the
flight
deck,
including
those
that
have
been
raised
by
speakers
during
this
symposium.
In
this
presentation,
the
studies
and
projects
we
are
completing
as
a
part
of
the
EAS
project
were
briefly
described
and
feedback
was
solicited
from
the
audience
regarding
needs
in
the
operational
community
and
directions
our
future
work
should
take
related
to
emergency
and
abnormal
situations
in
aviation. |
|
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| Closing
Remarks
-
The
Honorable
Robert
Francis's
Closing
Remarks (PDF
-
13K) |
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